THESE TWO ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION ARE INTRODUCED WITH DEFINTIONS, HISTORIES, AND THE MECHANICS THAT GOVERN THEIR ADMINISTRATION. THE ISSUES SURROUNDING SUPERVISION IN EITHER PAROLE OR PROBATION ARE DISCUSSED, SUCH AS THE AMOUNT OF TIME SUPERVISION SHOULD BE IN EFFECT, HOW MUCH SUPERVISION SHOULD BE GIVEN, AND HOW PROBATION OR PAROLE OFFICERS ARE TO DEAL WITH THE SURVEILLANCE ROLE AS OPPOSED TO THEIR SOCIAL WORK ROLE OF OFFERING ASSISTANCE TO THE PROBATIONER OR PAROLEE. VOLUNTEER ROLES FOR BOTH PROBATION AND PAROLE PURPOSES ARE DESCRIBED. TYPICAL CONDITIONS THAT EXIST FOR EITHER PROBATION OR PAROLE ARE PRESENTED, INCLUDING THOSE THAT ARE IMPOSED BY JURISDICTIONS, STATES, AND INDIVIDUAL OFFICERS OR THOSE MANDATED BY THE FEDERAL COURTS. THE GROWTH OF LEGAL RIGHTS OF PROBATIONERS AND PAROLEES IS COMMENTED UPON, ALONG WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIATIONS TO PROBATION AND PAROLE THAT HELP TO REALIZE THE INDIVIDUALITY OF OFFENDERS, SUCH AS HOME VISITS, INTERMITTENT SENTENCES, OR PRECONVICTION PROBATION. FINALLY, RECENT RESEARCH ON THE SUCCESS OF PROBATION AND PAROLE IS REVIEWED, TOGETHER WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR WAYS IN WHICH PROBATION AND PAROLE COULD BE IMPROVED OR DEVELOPED. EXTENSIVE NOTES AND TEST QUESTIONS ARE SUPPLIED. (MHP)