Likewise, the witness variable of self-monitoring (SM) may influence identification accuracy because high SM and low SM people process information differently. Furthermore, these differences may be augmented by biased identification instructions. To investigate the influence of these variables on eyewitness accuracy and confidence, low- and high-SM subjects (comprising a total of 80 male and female college undergraduates of Anglo-American, Mexican-American, and black ethnicity/race) witnessed a stated crime of either their own wristwatches or a laboratory calculator. Police detectives took individual witness statements under the guise that a real crime had occurred, and using biased or unbiased instructions, administered a suspect-present photospread. Results indicated that victim witnesses given biased instructions were least accurate in their identifications and the high SMs were least likely to reject the lineup when instructions were biased. (Author abstract)