Some 'first-stage models' are now institutionalized within their own jurisdictional settings, and the field is ready for 'second-stage models.' More accelerated diffusion is unlikely because of gaps in what we know concerning current efforts, changing political and economic conditions, and a number of identifiable dangers associated with larger-scale initiatives. Second-stage models are initiatives which contain the seeds of further development in a qualitative way that previous initiatives have not. They include state funding, state offices, the multi-door courthouse, and the compulsory use of mediation techniques in specialized circumstances. Also important to enhance development are efforts to increase public visibility of the field, expand and improve our knowledge, and encourage formal interest in a variety of relevant settings, including law schools. Tactically, the development of second-stage models must include attention to leadership issues, alliances and funding options. A new effort to gain federal support and a new role for national foundations are timely. (Publisher abstract)