The introductory chapter discusses support for impasse arbitration, causes of negotiating impasses, the various forms and features of arbitration, bases for judging arbitration systems, and the criteria used for selecting the nine jurisdictions studied. The description and analyses of the nine arbitration mechanisms drew upon available sources of data, analysis, and views of public officials, arbitrators, and representatives of the involved parties. In addition to New York City, the eight States involved in the analyses were Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, New York, Iowa, and New Jersey. The format for the description and analysis of each arbitration system contains sections on background and statutory developments as well as performance record. The discussion of performance record reviews effects on collective bargaining, the arbitration process and awards, effects on salaries, process time span and costs, parties' views on the arbitration system, and strikes. In the last chapter, conclusions are drawn from comparing the nine arbitration systems. Results are examined for the kinds of arbitration used, including conventional arbitration, last-offer arbitration issue by issue, and last-offer arbitration by single package. Five factors that facilitate effective arbitration are delineated, and the contributions of the involved professionals are reviewed. Chapter footnotes are provided.