These issues are related to training because of the possibility that increased training in these areas could decrease police civil liability. Federal court cases have defined the police department's responsibility in use of force through rulings that have addressed deliberate indifference, vicarious liability, and failure to train. Police departments are liable if they do not train their officers to exercise reasonable force and to make the right decision about what level of force to use. To be realistic and to comply with State and Federal laws, training must incorporate problemsolving and open-ended simulations. Funding is an important part of training. More funding is needed for simulation training and updated weapons, particularly less- lethal devices. One training approach to help officer's reduce the use of force required to manage conflict is "verbal judo." A course developed by George Thompson prepares officers to use their brains and verbal strategies to keep conflict from escalating. Although outcomes of police interactions with citizens depend largely on words exchanged between officers and citizens, most officers have not mastered verbal tactics. A Wisconsin training program, "Defensive and Arrest Tactics," is a simulation program that teaches officers verbalization skills coupled with defensive physical alternatives. It teaches that proper police action balances safety and efficiency, even as it requires control. A source list for training providers and equipment is included.