A background paper prepared by the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch in Vienna explores some issues and policy implications regarding juvenile delinquency and youth crime. Other papers are categorized under the topics of child exploitation (children as instruments or victims of crime); juvenile justice standards and norms for detention, including one paper on the development of juvenile justice in post-apartheid South Africa; and the implementation of United Nations standards and norms for juveniles in detention as well as child victims of criminal activities. Papers on juvenile justice in various countries focus on Austria, Israel, and India. The 58 recommendations of the United Nations Expert Group Meeting are grouped under the topics of standard setting and implementation, coordination and technical cooperation, children and juveniles deprived of their liberty, instrumental use of children and juveniles by adults in and for criminal activities, and the exploitation of children.