The case of United States v. Guzman was decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in 1996. The defendant was Antonio Guzman, who arrived at the bus station in Memphis, Tenn., on a bus from Dallas. Two police detectives were at the bus station with their drug dogs to conduct routine checks for drugs on the buses. The defendant contended that one of the detectives did not have probable cause to touch the defendant's bag, that touching the bag was an unlawful search, and that the defendant's subsequent detention was an unlawful arrest. The Federal magistrate judge suppressed the evidence, but the trial court judge reversed the suppression order. The appellate court upheld the trial court, based on the totality of the circumstances, including the lack of expectation of privacy in the exterior of the luggage in the overhead rack and the detective's awareness of the dog's reaction. The article on hate crimes recommends that police officers consider aspects of the target, graffiti, bigotry as the central motive, certain kinds of assaults, vandalism, and obscene or threatening telephone calls. Photographs and quiz on the search and seizure case